Lexical Competence Definition and Examples

Lexical Competence Definition and Examples The ability to produce and understand the words of a language. Lexical competence is an aspect of both linguistic competence and communicative competence. Examples and Observations Anna GoyDuring the last decade or so more and more philosophers, linguists, psychologists, and computer scientists have become convinced that no complete account of our competence in the domain of word meaning can be given without a link between language and perception (Jackendoff, 1987; Landau Jackendoff, 1993; Harnad, 1993; Marconi, 1994). Moreover, it has been claimed that the boundary between lexical and encyclopaedic knowledge is not clear cut (or may be completely absent): the way we use, perceive and conceptualise objects is part of a kind of knowledge that not only belongs to our lexical competence, but is precisely what allows us to know the meanings of words and to use them correctly.Diego MarconiWhat does our ability to use words consist of? What kind of knowledge, and which abilities, underlie it?It seemed to me that to be able to use a word is, on the one hand, to have access to a network of connections between that word and other words and linguistic expressions: it is to know that cats are animals, that in order to arrive somewhere one has to move, that an illness is something one may be cured of, and so forth. On the other hand, to be able to use a word is to know how to map lexical items onto the real world, that is, to be capable of both naming (selecting the right word in response to a given object or circumstance) and application (selecting the right object or circumstances in response to a given word). The two abilities are, to a large extent, independent of each other. . . . The former ability can be called inferential, for it underlies our inferential performance (such as, for example, interpreting a general regulation concerning animals as applying to cats); the latter may be called referential. . . .I later discovered, thanks to Glyn Humphreys and other neuro-psychologists, that empirical research on brain-injured persons confirmed, to some extent, the intuitive picture of lexical competence I had been sketching. Inferential and refere ntial abilities appeared to be separate. Paul Miera[D]eveloping good test instruments for evaluating hypotheses about vocabulary development may be more difficult than we have typically supposed. Simply comparing the associations of L2 learners and native speakers, using ad hoc lists of words, as much of the research in this area has done, begins to look like a very unsatisfactory approach to assessing L2 lexical competence. Indeed, blunt research tools of this kind may be intrinsically incapable of evaluating the hypothesis we think we are researching. Careful simulation studies provide a way of testing out the capabilities of these instruments before they are widely used in real experiments.Michael Devitt and Kim SterelnyWhen we talk of an ability to use a name gained at a dubbing or in conversation, we are talking of competence. So competence with the name is simply an ability with it that is gained in a grounding or reference borrowing. Underlying the ability will be causal chains of a certain type that link the name to its bearer. Since the names sense is its property of designating by that type of chain, we could say that, in a psychologically austere way, competence with a name involves grasping its sense. But competence does not require any knowledge about the sense, any knowledge that the sense is the property of designating the bearer by a certain type of causal chain. This sense is largely external to the mind and beyond the ken of the ordinary speaker.

128 Words You Can Use Instead of Very

128 Words You Can Use Instead of Very Developing your professional reputation has a lot to do with the way you communicate with the people around you. The way you communicate can make or break your reputation. Sometimes the smallest things you say can have a drastic impact on how you are perceived. For instance, take the word â€Å"very†. We’ve all used â€Å"very† to describe things. Very big, very small, very good, very powerful, etc. But these are great examples of your language being overly simplistic. Even if you have an advanced degree in English literature, if you use the word â€Å"very† to describe something, then people may perceive you as someone who lacks an advanced understanding of the English language. That being said, we’ve found an infographic detailing 128 words you can use instead of â€Å"very†.   These words should be used in  it’s place  when you are in formal situations  such as the workplace.Source: [ProofReadingServices]

Eastern Philosopher Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eastern Philosopher Letter - Personal Statement Example You see, Vishnu, you are different in a similar way as I was. You see beyond the immediate; you even surpassed me in some ways, such as your seeing the futility of the way of the ascetics. Your questions regarding them impressed me; I will not forget when you asked me how one can attain enlightenment when continually starving, dirty and begging. You inquired of the balance in your years with me (Moore-Bruder, 2005, p. 499). It is indeed the balance between desire and self-denial that is the key to the detachment that leads to the finer levels of consciousness. There must be an incredible awareness, an ability to see beyond this world our senses recognize and apprehend. The awareness directs the senses, not the other way around; this is where the teaching cannot be transferred from one person to another through words only. Words in and of themselves do not have any intrinsic meaning, yet the way they are delivered has an impact upon the mind that contemplates the words. Each mind is unique in its ability to transcend itself. By adhering to the Eightfold Path, one's mind unfolds and begins to align with nirvana (Moore-Bruder, p. 502). First one must become aware of desires and cravings of the senses, which are the primary receivers of the mind. It is only when the mind is stilled and the senses are fully awake, hence overcoming their cravings, that one can begin to comprehend nirvana. This is what is most difficult to communicate with people, and this is what makes you weary. As we grow and develop, our thoughts and cravings form a unifying force that is very powerful in the physical realm. It is this force that is the fuel of life for most people and they do not or cannot know any different. Once the path to enlightenment, true enlightenment, begins, there is no way back to the limited mind with its busy activities and desires and plots for gaining more and more material things. Power and glory become dust in the winds of time and one can begin to feel separated from humanity as you expressed in your letter. Know that this, too, is an illusion.

Considering censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Considering censorship - Essay Example of a community uses in order to maintain community’s values and ideals against real (or imagined) â€Å"bad† effects caused by media and thought to impact negatively on community’s core values and ideals. Typically, media censorship is controversial. That is why one finds strong opponents as well as staunch advocates on both sides. But when has censorship – of whatever form – ever managed to subdue rights to thought, information, and freedom? Indeed, censorship may not only impact, for example, on quality and meaning of a performance in an entertainment show but also on how people think – or made to think – of how and when community’s values and ideals should be, well, protected. Precedents are abundant. The Ed Sullivan Show, a well-known American entertainment show over thirty years (1940’s – 1970’s) provides more than illuminating examples on how censorship can impact on people’s perception of community’s values and ideals. Perhaps Bob Dylan’s response to Ed Sullivan Show’s producers speaks persuasively of an artist’s expression of community’s at large accepted values as opposed to censors’ control on meaning and perception: We fought for the song [â€Å"Talkin John Birch Society Blues"] ... I said I couldnt understand why they [John Birch Society, an extremist right-winged group] were being given such protection. But the network [CBS, where Ed Sullivan Show is aired] turned us down. They told us they understood and sym ­pathized ... but insisted they had previously handled the Birch Society on network news programmes, and couldnt take the subject into entertainment. (qtd. in Inglis 561) Another good example from same show is how producers’ censorship forced The Rolling Stones to drop â€Å"Night† from â€Å"Let’s Spend The Night Together,† making song’s tag line sounds odd given song’s overall meaning. Interestingly, entertainment – of all media shows and programs – impacts human mind in many different ways.

Advantages And Disadvantages In Hospitality

Advantages And Disadvantages In Hospitality Hospitality management is both a field of work and a field of study. In the work sense, it refers to management of hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and other institutions in the hospitality . As a field of study, it refers to the study of the hospitality industry and its management needs. People who are interested in careers in hospitality management may opt to pursue it as a field of study so that they can start their careers on solid footing.The hospitality industry is vast and very diverse. Any time people travel, stay in a hotel, eat out, go to the movies, and engage in similar activities, they are patronizing establishments in the hospitality industry. The management of such establishments is very challenging, as managers need to be flexible enough to anticipate and meet a wide variety of needs. They must also handle tasks such as training employees, handling staff, setting standards, and so forth. Question 1 Define the term Hospitality Industry and give examples, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the hospitality industry. Answer Question 1 Hospitality industry is one of the largest industries in both global and national contexts. Hospitality industry is service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, theme park, cruise line, event plan and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Button_hide.pngadditional fields within the tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, ga ming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Examples Accommodations Hotels Motels Restaurants Bars Cafes Nightclubs Public houses Restaurants Travel and Tourism Airline Cabin Staff Travel agents Top of Form Bottom of Form Advantages Advantage in the hospitality sector is that there are a lot of entry level positions available. These junior roles can provide candidates with the relevant experience that is vital to career progression within the industry. Some of these roles include jobs like restaurant assistants, Junior Chefs, Receptionists, Bar Staff and Hotel catering staff. These roles offer the potential to progress into management if you work hard and show that you have the necessary skills and experience to take on more responsibility. Moreover, if you do decide to try a new role there is great deals of transferable skills that can be used across several different job roles in the hospitality industry. Employees working in this industry will also have to be prepared to work fairly long hours in some roles in order to prove themselves. For example Chefs and restaurant managers have to work long and sometime unsociable hours. Another advantage to working in the hospitality sector is jobs are available all ove r the country and they are not area specific. Obviously there is a large amount of appealing jobs available in London but there are hotels, restaurants and pubs all over the country. Therefore unless you specifically want to work in the hospitality industry in London then you will not have to relocate to get the job you want. Advantages Hospitality : everywhere, every city in the world requires a tendency for this sector and some G.K. a nice presentable personality a good team work meet new and new people, even they have something in common they want a personal touch good prospect when in the higher position recruit new people and train them mix with similar people like event management etc, dont be driven away by the limelights and glamours change to others for better pays Disadvantages The time factor is perhaps the biggest drawback to creating a blog. Blogs are easy to start but difficult to maintain. Publishing a good blog takes a significant amount of time. Of course, writing takes the most time, but you must also allow time for interacting with your readers.Related to the time factor is the risk of publishing a blog that damages your brands reputation. Fortunately, you can hedge against this by creating publishing guidelines for yourself and whoever is involved with the blog. On the other hand, it can be very dangerous to open your door to strangers for obvious reasons. For those of you who are guileless in your ways, I shall enlighten you to the ways of those that could prove to be a major threat to you if you are a hospitable, good natured person. Such people cannot help but take advantage of those who are vulnerable to them. Answer Question 2 Find out the factors that affecting travel and tourism. Explain in detail. Answer Question 2 Tour operators can be defined as providers and organizers of package holidays. They normally operate by making contracts with transport companies, airlines and hoteliers. After getting the contracts, they advertise assembled holidays. Travel agents are concerned with booking and advising customers. Travel agencies also sell travel related services and products to customers. They do this on behalf of tour companies, hotels, and airlines. Travel agents also deal with local tourists. They carry out travel arrangements for travelers. There are different types of travel agencies; they include Independent agencies, Miniples and Multiples. Tour operators and travel agents have continued to be dominant in the tourism sector. There are potential threats to travel agents to and tour operators especially in the hospitality and tourism sector. A close analysis to the travel and tourism industry shows that one of the potential threats to tour operators and travel agents is change in laws and poli cies. There are laws and policies that travel agents have to adhere to in carrying out their tasks. Every nation has got rules, laws, regulations, policies that directly affect tour guides. There is normally potential threat to tour operators when embassies give advisory policies to citizens not to travel due to factors like terrorism and bombing. When an embassy changes or advises citizens not to travel to a country due to various reasons, this becomes a threat to them because citizens normally adhere to such advice. It results to decrease in tourists and therefore their business actually slows down. Travel guides and tour operators normally help tourists to locate good hotels and tourist sites in the country. There are always instances when travel guides help tourists in locating such services but in the long run the tourists do not receive quality services. Tourists always communicate one to another and therefore this becomes bad publicity. Conclusion Cultural heritage is the essence of tourism in many destination areas worldwide. Every year, millions of people travel to view the Acropolis of Athens, the Colosseum in Rome and many other historic sites of international renown. These sites are of general interest to visitors, even though the visitors probably have no significant ties to the heritage sites that they visit. Although world heritage attractions draw large numbers of international and domestic tourists, for most foreign tourists these sites consist only a small part of a more extensive travel package. These attractions can evoke feelings of admiration, but they probably do not evoke feelings of personal attachment. Visits to historic sites are mostly motivated by the belief that such places (and the objects at these places) are linked to the remote past. In addition, millions of other people engage in travel to experience heritage of a more personal nature; most of the world s historic sites are not internationally known and only relatively few ever attract international tourists, except perhaps in combination with other relevant attractions. For every world renowned cultural attraction, there are hundreds of other not famous sites that are appreciated at a more local basis.

Cultural representation in the Media

Abstract The relationship between the media and culture has long been a topic of controversial debate. This study addresses this concern by evaluating two United Kingdom media outlets coverage of the same event throught the lens of cultural and ideology. With indications of continuous forms of societal influence and impact, the evidence in this study is a mix of case study and academic review. The results demonstrate a wide acceptance of cultural and institutional manipulation on the part of the media mechanism, with a clear recommendation to seek several separate reports of the same instance in order to feel fully informed. This study has the potential to be relevant to cultural and international integration studies. Introduction In our world of mass communication, media have made a very special place for itself in our lives. Representing cultures utilizing mass media such as television coverage, newspaper reporting and the technological advances of the internet has made communication among nations possible, yet, unique to each separate region and culture (Schaffner, 2008). Media plays a very significant role by allowing each separate population to experience the travails of the international community, through the lens of understandable context. Yet, the very nature of each of the unique cultures impacts the way in which the same event may be examined by the competing forms of media coverage (Schaffner, 2008). Base attitudes and approaches will differ depending on the societal expectations of the consumer population. This analysis will begin with a examination of the translations of an excerpt of Saddam Hussein’s trial by the Daily Telegraph and The Independent in 2004. Assessing the individual approach of each of these outlets will lead to a credible analysis of how these media approaches were used for different purposes. Following this segment, the study will turn to the role of translation in the production of news articles as well as the underlying dissemination of information. In the end, this study will have examined past practice, present implementation and future potential with the stated goal of determining the impact that cultural representation has in the media. Past efforts of Cultural Representation in the Media Every nation in the international arena possesses a media outlet that allows for a form of large scale communication (Venuti, 2012). Utilizing this media access allows for a wide range of critical national and societal initiatives to be widely disseminated among the relevant populations. The mass media play an important role in mediating between politicians and the general public (Venuti 2012)).This point illustrates that a main channel for political information to reach the intended target is from a form of modern media. The ability to read, view or listen to a report of the topic is commonly preferred to attending the actual event itself (Schaffner, 2008). The ability to compact information in a manner that can be quickly and easily digested by the consumer is a demonstration of the innate value of any form of media. However, the quality of the media content varies due to the translator, producer and consumer expectations relevant to that particular outlet (Schaffner, 2008). Both culture and media thrive on an inclusive relationship with the population (Zlatar, 2003). The underlying value that exists in the media outlet lies in their ability to reach the populace. The lack of a product that appeals to a large section of the target population lowers the value of the media outlet. Due to the increased drive to integrate on a global level cultural values and differences are increasingly visible and have the potential to impact every aspect of any media operation (Zlater, 2003). Language is the primary method that the media outlets reach their target audience, making the role of translator essential to their form of reporting (Zlater, 2003). News outlets and the process of interviewing people depend on the selection of translator and linguistic competence and preferences (Cecilia, 2009). When broadcasters speak foreign languages translation and interpretation are both crucial, and culturally influenced in the process of conveying the message (Zlater, 2003 ). The responsibility for correct translation and dissemination is entirely dependent on the knowledge, ideology and integrity of the media outlet. The UK media outlet the Daily Telegraph and The Independent in 2004, have each provided two culturally varied translations of the same context. Varied approaches to the same account in the media are an illustration of cultural representation and societal values as understood by the individual organizations (Schaffner, 2008). This is the very concept that creates the perception of differing media reports regarding the same series of events. Modern cultural representation in the Media â€Å"The media has, in fact, been called the fourth estate† (Schaffner and Bassnet, 2010). The speed in which a message has the ability to reach as wide an audience as possible determines the values of the media outlet (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). As the world wide culture has embraced innovation, technology has vastly increased the ability of the various forms of media to express their product. The accuracy and strategies of the translation are important in every case, whether it is in print, on screen or online with the media’s ideological and political leanings reflected in their product (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, taking account the political background of the resource and the media itself, there are cultural factors behind the translation and dissemination of information (Bielsa, 2007). While translation is nearly invisible in the media reports this does not mean there is cultural impartiality in the process of translation. Modern studies of media and their associated translation of material have grown significantly due to the role this mechanism serves in bridging gaps between cultures (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Media enables communication across languages as well as the capacity to promote independent populations mutual understanding. The relation between media and translation occurs in a wide range of contexts such as the press, TV or the internet (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Translation in every individual culture is a critical element in the media dissemination process that involves the direct interaction and understanding between cultures. News agencies commonly employ translation and select translators without knowing his or her ideological background (Magder, 2004). The quality of the translation in reporting news need to be taken into account by the news agency and the media due to the potential obstacles that can be created (Magder, 2004). Analysis: The media is argued to be viewed through a cultural perception (Bassnet, 2004). Each news item presented by the mass media, in any form, is only their unique representation and interpretation of the event, not necessarily the full or complete picture. Each person, reporter or journalist will experience the event in their own manner, producing their work according to their innate understanding (Bassnet, 2004). Utilizing the spoken word, literature and cultural instruments this unintentionally biased information is passed on to the consumer through the news outlet. The journalists and those who work to gather the information and eventually produce news are professional, yet, each person and organization is subject to their own ethical and value standards based on their cultural heritage (Bassnet, 2004). A priority must be placed on clear translation in the production of international news. This is an indication of importance for not only the translation functions, but also transferrin g the news across linguistic and cultural boundaries (Bassnet, 2004). In order to assess this concept this study will take the two examples of the translated excerpt from the trial of the former dictator of the Iraqi regime, Saddam Hussein. These passages have been translated, edited and then published in the Daily Telegraph as well as the Independent in 2004. Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of news around the world and at the same time different definitions of the translation are being used by both layperson and experts (Bassnet, 2004). This is a demonstration that items from one language cannot easily being replaced into another. The translator is transferring the meaning between languages, and cultural clarity is not always present as this process unfolds (Bassnet, 2004). The news reporter often includes non-practical parts or culturally biased elements of a story during the process of translation in order to meet the expectations of the consumers. The often varied and often diverse opinions present in the mass media indicate a need for universal ethics standards. The first edited transcript of the first court of the dictator Saddam Hussein which is published in the Independent: The Independent, 2 July 2004: The judge opened proceedings by asking Saddam for his name. Saddam. Hussein Majid, the president of the Republic of Iraq. The judge then asks his date of birth. Saddam: 1937 Judge: ProfessionFormer president of the Republic of Iraq? Saddam: No, present. Current. It’s the will of the people. Judge: The head of the Baath party that is dissolved, defunct. Former commander and chief of the army. Residence is Iraq. Your mother’s name? Saddam: Sobha, you also have to introduce yourself to me. Judge: Mr Saddam, I am the investigative judge of the central court of Iraq. Saddam: So that I have to know, you are investigative judge of the central court of IraqWhat resolution, what law formed this court? The judge’s response could not be heard. The Daily Telegraph, 2 July 2004: Judge: Are you the former president of Iraq? Saddam: I am Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq. Judge: (to court clerk): put down â€Å"former† in brackets. Saddam: I am the president of the republic so you should not stripe me of my title to put me on trial. Judge: You are the ex-leader of Iraq and the ex-leader of the dissolved armed forces. Were you the leader of the Ba’ath party and head of the armed forces? Saddam: Yes. I’ve introduced myself to you but you haven’t introduced yourself to me. So who are you. Judge: I am a judge of the criminal court of Iraq. Saddam: So you repress Iraqis under the orders of the coalition> Do you represent the American coalition? Reading both edited transcriptions that had been published in in the competing British newspapers in 2004 prodcued several interesting questions. To what extent do these printed versions differWhat cultural factors play a role in this differenceWhy are they different in terms of information and the structure of the question The first version, which is published in the Independent, says that the judge’s response could not be heard, while in the second version the judge is clearly heard giving instruction to the court clerk. This attention or lack of attention to detail is an indication of cultural awareness (Bassnet, 2004). After the event was over, the translator’s text was compared to the official transcript which illustrated that information was missing and that this text did not contain every element of the conversation. Bassnett (2004) states that during the hearings and sessions the translators are busy producing their own versions. This is an indication that medi a outlets are heavily dependent on the transcripts of the translator. This point of influence on the part of the translator is very important, as each cultural interpretation depends on the message (Bassnett 2004). Further in the event the judge asks for his mother’s name, but in the Daily Telegraph this point is not mentioned. How far we should trust the translators and the subsequent reporting by the mediaThis process of questionable translation is common in a country similar to Iraq which contains different religions and political backgrounds (Bassnett 2004). The ability to find a quality person to fill the role of translator is difficult due to the cultural affiliation to inherent differences in the views of their associated political parties. Another notable difference between both versions, and cultural approaches, is that the person in the first version is a powerful judge that refers to Saddam’s role as a former chief of the army, while in the second version the same concept is approached as a form of a question. This is a clear demonstration of cultural separation due to the interpretation of the event by the separate media outlets (Bassnett 2004). Each news agency has different policies, conventions and styles in their production of news which highlight these differences. Within every individual organization will be an understanding that is based on information passed between cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The cultural differences become more visible as we read, with more transcripts available in Appendix A. According to the Independent, Saddam refused to sign the documents and both he and the judge were quarrelling about that. The Daily Telegraph reported this same set fo occurences differently. This is direct cultural reflection of the mood the readers expected to see and the willingness of the outlet to accomodate this (Bassnett, 2004). The Independent approached this in a more adversarial nature, while the Daily Telegraph sought to portray Saddam has more approachable. Moreover, Saddam’s remark in his final comment with the guards that was not recorded in the Independent version is a further indication of the cultural dissemination of information based on the demands of the readers (Bassnett, 2004). The remark in the Telegraph enabled a sense of pity to be communicated culturally, while the absence of this element in the Independent eliminated this. Discussion Despite the fact that we have two different English translations of a transcript in a court session that took place in Arabic, different edited and translation processes have taken place based on the cultural ideologies (Bassnett, 2004). The strategies of the translation that were used for the Independent are more likely to be culturally foreign to the UK as well as much more complex. Due to the nature of the associated readership, this outlet documents the many challenges that Saddam made to the judges, detailing the adversarial nature of the proceedings. Conversely, the culture associated with the Daily Telegraph expects another variety of reporting, a kinder and wider approach to the story. The version of the same set of events in the Daily Telegraph is shorter and domesticated, a hallmark of the method in which the populace absorbs information (Bassnett, 2004). Saddam in this version does not appear as a former dictator but like a simple man who addresses the judge through his answers and attitudes. Saddam uses (would) which is a question word that often begins a lot of questions and ask for something. This is a direct representation of the cultural influence present in the writing; the underlying effort is to portray Saddam as demonstrating a gentle quality in the courtroom by saying â€Å"I am not interfering with your responsibilities†. This is a form of outreach that is directly related to the cultural need to empathize with Saddam (Bassnett, 2004). The role played by the translation of material in international news provides the link between politics and the media in both cultures (Bassnett, 2004). The elements revealed by the media outlets will be utilized to galvanize the populace in one form or fashion, thereby driving the governmental approach. Media reports about political events are always forms of re-contextualisation, and any re-contextualisation involves transformation and translation (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the separate cultures will have a unique interpretation of these elements. Cultural difference commonly occurs when a text is shifted for obscure political purposes or the translator attempts to skew the meaning in a way to serve the affiliated party. This form of cultural bias by the translator may have a great impact in the transfer of the meaning and the gist of the discourse and the message, thereby creating substantial obstacles (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Each of the media outlets as well as the underling cultures approaches the aspects of reporting and journalists’ ethics as an intensive research need (Schaffner and Bassnett. 2010). Subjectivity and loyalty to the source text and ethics has a direct impact on the quality of media products, yet the quantity of each component rests in the values of the culture. This fact reflects the desire for the news agency and media outlet to maintain cultural and national credibility at every level (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). This is achieved through the accurate portrayal of world events through the lens of the associated cultural expectations. The international community depends on the media in terms of gaining information about the political state and cultural values and all socio-cultural norms (Schaffner and Bassnett, 2010). Yet, every story must be interpreted utilizing the known population variables that lie behind each writer. In countries where governments interfere with the freedom of the press and sometimes the lack of freedom of expression occur, the media cannot broadcast and work independently (Poyatos, 1997). The culture of a nation will be familiar with the limits, thereby creating an unspoken form of boundaries. This regulatory environment can become another impediment to the accuracy of the translation (Poyatos, 1997). As news about a country is published in various newspapers some adjustments and reshaping is done due to the oversight environment, culture and ideology. A possible solution for this condition would be to create an environment in which no government should intervene into the media affairs and media should be totally independent (Poyatos, 1997). However, the values of the writers, publishers and readers will have to be taken in to continuous consideration. Public relations professionals help to shape news content in national and local news media, based on the values of the consumers (Fletcher 2006; Franklin 1997). Due to the changes in political situations and relations between countries the news content might not be addressed exactly in every case, as illustrated by the Telegraph and Independent study. This is a reflection of the cultural constraints that must be taken into account for each individual nation in order to continually meet each unique regional need (Franklin, 1997). Freedom of the press does not mean the independence of any media channel; governments and the population are responsible for laying the foundation for a fruitful relationship between media the freedom of expression. In Conclusion Translation plays a fundamental role in the transfer of different types of news around the world. The veracity of the translation and truthfulness of the translator are matters of primary concern. The societal values and cultural differences of the authors, editors and organization are exposed with every article or broadcast. From the perspective of translation studies this lack of cohesiveness is an issue and has the potential to have substantial ramifications both politically and culturally. The relationship between culture and media is one of inclusion, very much related to each other. In addition, media confers the capacity to reach a large audience in a manner that is efficient and effective. Mass media has, and will continue to have an impact on every person in each nation in the form of Internet, printing papers, Televisions and radios. The information and news passing between different cultures via the media are reshaped, reinterpreted and then republished. Therefore, transforming media representations entails a new way of thinking about media practice. Media as a communication tool should be situated as institutions that allow for cultural development and the protection of cultural diversity. Further, mass media institutions need to be aware every aspect of the cultural contraints and expectations of the underlying society. Yet, in the end, as in all things, it lies with the reader, viewer or person subject to the media report to judge independantly the veracity of the opinion. References Bassnett, S. (2004). â€Å"Trusting reporters†: What exactly did Saddam sayThe Linguist, 43(6).176-178. Bielsa, E. (2007). â€Å"Translation in global news agencies†. Target 19(1). 135–155. Wadensjo , C ? (2009). â€Å"Clinton’s Laughter: On Translation and Communication in TV News†. CTIS Occasional papers (Maltby. Ed.) Vole 4 Fletcher, K. (2006). â€Å"A Fine Line between Journalism and PR in Media† Franklin, B. (1997). â€Å"Newszak and News Media†. London Magder, T. (2004). â€Å"Transnational media, intercultural trade and the idea of cultural diversity†. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 18 (3), 380–397. Poyatos, F. (1997). Nonverbal communication and translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Schaffner, C. (2008). ‘The Prime Minister said †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: Voices in translated political texts†. In: SYNAPS Fagsprak, Kommunikasjon, Kulturkunnskap 22/2008 (University Bergen), pp. 3-25. Schaffner, C. and Bassnett, S. (2010). â€Å"Political Discourse, Media and Translation† Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Venuti, L. (2012). The Translator’s Invisibility. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zlatar, A. (2003). â€Å"The role of the media as an instrument of cultural policy, an inter-level facilitator and image promoter†: Amsterdam & ECUMEST Association, Bucharest.

The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy...

The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club In her novel The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells of the lives of four Chinese immigrant mothers, their hopes, their dreams and the way each of their daughters feel about their mothers lives. Mother-daughter relationships are the basis for the entire story. Tan shows the hardships each mother experiences as a child and young adult, and how they all want better lives for their daughters. She shows the struggles between the mothers and the daughters; these struggles result from many different things, from the cultural gap, to dreams and goals that may have been set too high. Each daughter knows her mother means well, but this does not make the battles any†¦show more content†¦Throughout the novel readers see that Jing-mei wants to learn about her mother and her mothers past. She wants to learn about Suyuan’s struggles in China and she wants to meet her two sisters whom her mother had to give up against her will. June is overwhelmed when the other members of The Joy L uck Club give her two tickets to travel to her mothers former residence in China. She is very excited to learn about her past and to understand her mother better. Ying-ying and Lena St. Clair are more alike than they realize even though Lena is a lot more quiet and conservative than Ying-ying ever was. As a child Ying-ying was mischievous and spoiled. She only thinks of herself until the night she visits the moon lady, this is when she comes to realize the true meaning of the special day and how she is to use her one wish. Lena is not as rebellious as her mother, but still tends to follow her own will instead of what her mother wishes for her to do. Lena and Ying-ying both marry bad men who dont understand their needs. Ying-yings first husband is violent and abusive in a physical way, whereas Lenas husband is abusive in a mental way. Harold feels he is treating Lena how he should be really he is being unfair to her. The couple splits the bill on everything, even though sometimes Lena ends up paying for things that she reallyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1567 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most complex relationships is that of a mother and daughter. Amy Tan is an author who writes about her life growing up as an Asian-American in Chinatown. Her novel The Joy Luck Club is a series of short stories about Chinese mothers and their assimilated daughters. One of these stories is â€Å"Two Kinds,† which looks into the life of Jing-Mei Woo and her struggle to gain a sense of self. Some key themes in The Joy Luck Club are the generational and intercultural differences among Chinese-AmericanRead MoreConflicts Resolved in the Joy Luck Club1442 Words   |  6 Pagesconflicts in Amy Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club. 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